Questions :
1.
What is second language acquisition?
2.
What is the difference between ‘second’ and
‘foreign’ language?
3.
What are the goals of SLA?
4.
Give an example of a ‘naturalistic’ learner.
Why?
5.
What is the difference between ‘mistakes’ and
‘errors’?
6.
Explain and give one example of
‘overgeneralization’!
7.
Explain two learning theories: Behaviorist and
Mentalist. What are the implications of these learning theories for language
teachers?
8.
Consider the following data:
A : I like your shoes (expressing compliments)
B : Thank you
How can you explain the B’s response in
terms of the acquisition of discourse rules?
Answers :
1.
A second language is a language learned by a
person after his or her native language, especially as a resident of an area
where it is in general use. And then, language acquisition is a natural,
unconscious progression or development of language. It is a process that occurs
through language use in ordinary conversation and is the typical progression by
which infants and young children first learn to talk. So, Second Language
Acquisition (SLA) is a process by which people learn a language after his or
her native language, especially as a resident of an area where it is in general
use, inside or outside of a classroom.
2.
A second language is a
language that is learned after one has already learned one language. It is
often learned for business purposes because of the second language's dominance
in important affairs. For example, many people learn English because of how
many important affairs involve the United States. A foreign language is a
language that is from a country other than one's native country. Foreign languages are usually learned for the sake of learning about
the culture and people who speak it. For example, some people learn ancient
Greek for a deeper understanding of the early philosophers
from reading their works in their original language. In short, a second language is a language you learn that is not the language
you normally speak. For example, if you grow up speaking only English and you
learn Spanish later in life, your second language is Spanish. A foreign
language is a language you cannot speak.
3. One
of the goals of SLA is the description of L2 acquisition. Another is explanation;
identifying the external and internal factors that account for why
learners acquire an L2 in the way they do. One of the external factors
is the social milieu in which learning takes place. Social conditions influence
the opportunities that learner have to hear and speak the language and the
attitudes that they develop towards it. Another external factor is the
input that learners receive, that is, the samples of language to which a
learner is exposed. A final set of internal factors explain why learners
vary in the rate they learn an L2 and how successful they ultimately are. The
goals of SLA are to describe how L2 acquisition proceeds and to explain
this process and why some learners seem to be better at it than others.
4. Naturalistic
learner is someone who learns the language at the same time as learning to
communicate in it. For example a native speaker from Japanese who has little
formal instruction in English, he would visit Hawaii for his business. In
connection with his work, he had regular opportunities to use English.
5. A
mistake is based on knowledge that the students have, but haven't applied
properly. An 'error' is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A 'mistake'
is an error caused by a fault: the fault being misjudgment, carelessness, or
forgetfulness. The first time it would be an error. The second time it would be
a mistake since we should have known better. Error is a more formal word and
has various technical meanings.
6.
the process of extending the application
of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm, as when a
child uses the regular past tense verb ending -ed of forms like I
walked to produce forms like *I goed or
*I rided.
7. Behaviorism
and mentalism are two theories that involve the mind, but one is based on
empirical observation and the other is based on pure belief. Behaviorism is a
topic that you learn about in a psychology course, a theory that behavior is in
response to conditioning without regard to feelings, and mentalism, a theory
based on mental perception and thought processes, can be learned through
experience or through an apprenticeship with an experienced mentalist. Behaviorism
is a theory that is based around the study of behaviors in humans and animals
in response to negative or positive stimulation. One of the most well-known
studies in behaviorism is the study conducted by Ivan Pavlov. He observed that,
over time, a dog would begin to salivate after hearing a bell ring because the
dog associated it with food being placed in front of it. This is an aspect of
behaviorism known as classical conditioning, in which the bell ringing, which
is a conditioned stimulus, caused a reaction in the dog because of the food, an
unconditioned stimulus.
8. There
are rules or, at least, regularities in the ways in which native speakers hold
conversations. In American English, for example, compliment responses are
usually quite elaborate, involving some attempt on the part of the speaker to
play down the compliment by making some unfavourable comment. For example :
A : I like your sweater.
B : It’s so old. My
sister bought it for me in Italy some time ago.
However, L2 learners
behave differently. Sometimes they fail to respond to a compliment at all. At
other times they produce bare responses {for example, ‘Thank you’}.
References :
Ellis. R. (1986). Understanding second
language acquisition. Oxford University Press
http://www.ehow.com/info_8378971_difference-between-behaviourism-mentalism.html
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